Intransitive verb used as Transitive verb

# When an Intransitive Verb is used in a causative sense it becomes Transitive.

Intransitive	Transitive
The Horse walks.	He walks the horse.
The girl ran down the street.	The girl ran the needle into her finger (ran a needle=caused a needle to run).
Birds fly.	The boy fly their kites (i.e., cause their kites to fly).

# A few-verbs in common use are distinguished as Transitive or Intransitive by their spelling, the Transitive being causative forms of the corresponding intransitive verbs.

Intransitive	Transitive
Many trees fall in the monsoon.	Woodmen fell trees.(Fell=cause to fall).
Lie still.	Lay the basket there (Lay=cause to lie).
Rise early with the lark.	Rise your hands (Rise=cause to rise).
Sit there.	Set the lamp in the table.(Set=cause to sit).

# Some Intransitive verbs may become Transitive by having a Preposition added to them; as,

* All friends laughed at (=derided) him.

* He will soon run through (=consume) his furfure.

* Please look into (=investigate) the matter carefully. 

* We talked about (=discussed) the affair several times.

* I wish for (=desire) nothing more.

* The police Inspector asked for (=demand) his name.

Sometimes the preposition is prefixed to the verb; as,

* Shivaji overcame the enemy.

* He bravely withstood the attack.

* The river overflows its banks.

# Intransitive verb sometimes take after them an object akin or similar in meaning to the verb. Such an Object is called the Cognate Object or Cognate Accusative.(Latin Cognatus,akin).

* I have fought a good fight.

* He laughed a hearty laugh.

* He dreamt a strange dream.

* He sleeps the sleep of the just.

* Let me die the death of the righteous.

* He sighed a deep sigh.

* He sang a sweet song.

* He ran a race.

* Aurangzeb lived the life of an ascetic.

The noun used as a Cognate Object is in the Accusative Case.

The following are examples of partially Cognate Object:-

* He ran a great risk (=he ran a course of great risk).

* The children shouted applause (=the children shouted a shout of applause).

# A noun used adverbially to modify a verb, An adjective, or an adverb denoting time,placedistance,weight,value etc., is called an adverbial Object or adverbial Accusative, and is said to be in the Accusative Case adverbially; as,

* He held the post ten years.

* I can’t wait a moment longer.

* He went home.

* He swam a mile.

* He weighs seven stone.

* The watch cost 500 takas.

# There are a few Transitive verbs which are sometimes used as Intransitive verbs.

Transitive	Transitive
He broke the glass.	The glass broke.
He burnt his figure.	He burnt with shame.
Stop him from going.	We shall stop here a few days.
Open all the windows.	The show opens at six o’clock.

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What is Verb?

A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. Verb comes from the word Latin verbum.It is so called because it is the most important word in a sentence.

A verb may tell us-

(1) What a person or thing does; as,

* Rahim laughs.

* The clock strikes.

(2) What is done to a person or thing; as,

* Rahim is scolded. 

* The door is broken .

(3) What a person or thing; as,

* The dog is dead.

* Glass is brittle.

* I feel sorry.

Definition:-A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or thing.

# A verb often consist of more than one word; as,

* The girls were singing.

* I have learnt my lesson.

* The watch has been found.

# Read the sentences:-

1. The boy kicks the football.

2. The boy laughs loudly.

In sentence 1, the action denoted by the verb kicks passes over from the doer or subject boy to some object football. The verb kicks is, therefore, called a Transitive verb (Transitive means passing over).

In sentence 2, the action denoted by the verb laughs stop with the doer of subject boy and does not pass over to an object. The verb laughs is, therefore, called an Intransitive verb. (Intransitive means not passing over).

Definition:-A Transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which passes over from the doer or subjects to an objects.

Definition:-An Intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object, or which express a state or being; as,

* He ran a long distance (action).

* The baby sleeps (Slate).

* There is a flaw in this diamond (being).

Note: Intransitive verb expressing being take the same cases after them as before them.

# Most Transitive verbs take a single object. But such Transitive verbs as give, ask, offer, promise, tell etc. Take two objects after them-an Indirect object which denotes the person to whom something to given or for whom something is done, and a Direct Object which is usually the name of some thing, as,

* His father gave him (Indirect) a watch (Direct).

* He told me (Indirect) a secret (Direct)

# Most verbs can be used both as Transitive and as Intransitive verb s. It is; therefore, better to say that a verb is used transitively or intransitively rather than that it is Transitive or Intransitive.

Used Transitively	Used Intransitively
The ants fought the wasps.	Some ants fight very fiercely.
The shot sank the ship.	The ship sank rapidly.
Ring the bell, Rama.	The bell rang loudly
The driver stopped the Train.	The train stopped suddenly.
The horse kicked the woman.	This horse never kicks.
He spoke the truth.	He spoke haughtily.
I feel a serve pain in my head.	How do you feel?

Note: Some verbs,e.g.,come,go,die,fall,sleep,lie denote actions which cannot be done to anything; they can,therefore,never be used Transitively.

# In such a sentence as ‘The man killed himself ‘where the subject and the object both refer to the same person, the verb is said to used reflexively.

Sometimes, though the verb is used reflexively, the Object is not expressed. In the following examples the reflexive pronoun understood is put in brackets:-

* The bubble burst (itself).

* Please keep (yourselves) quite.

* The Japanese feed (themselves) chiefly on rice.

* The guests made (themselves) merry.

* With this words he turned (himself) to the door.

These verbs may, however, be regarded as pure Intransitive with-out any reflexive force whatever.

# Certain verbs can be used reflexively and also as ordinary Transitive verbs; as,

* Do not forget his name.

* Acquit yourself as man.

* He interested himself in his friend’s welfare.

* His talk does not interested me.

* I forget his name.

* The magistrate acquired him of the charge against him.

* I enjoy myself sitting alone.

* He enjoys good health.

 
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What is pronouns?

Pronouns

Pronouns are a moderately small, closed class of words that capacity in the spot of nouns or noun phrases. They incorporate personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and some others, mainly indefinite pronouns.

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns of current Standard English, and the comparing possessive structures, are as takes after:

   

Name	Nominative	Oblique	Reflexive	Possessive determiner	Possessive pronoun
1st person singular number	I	me	myself	my	mine
2nd person singular number	you	you	yourself	your	yours
2nd person plural number	you	Y’all(you all)	yourselves	your	yours
3rd person singular number	she, he, they, it	her, him, they, it	herself, himself, them self, itself	her, his, their, its	hers, his, theirs, its(rare)
1st person plural number	we	us	ourselves	our	ours
3rd person plural number	they	them	themselves	their	theirs

The second-person forms such as you are used with both singular and plural number. In the Southern United States, y'all (you all) is used as a plural format, and various other phrases such as you guys are used in other places. An archaic set of pronouns used for singular reference is thou, thee, thyself, thy, thine, which are still used in religious services and can be seen in older works, such as Shakespeare's - in such texts, the word you is used as a plural form. You can also be used as an indefinite pronoun, referring to a person in simply compared to the more formal alternative, one (reflexive oneself, possessive one’s).

The third-person singular forms are divided as expressed by the sex of the referent. For instance, she can be used to refer to a female person, sometimes a female animal, and sometimes an object to which female characteristics are attributed, such as a ship or a country. A male person, and   sometimes a male animal, is referred to using he. In other cases it can be used. The word it can also be used as a dummy subject, in sentences like It is going to be sunny this afternoon.

The third-person plural forms such as they are sometimes used with singular reference, as a gender-neutral pronoun, as in each employee should ensure they tidy their desk. In spite of its long history, this use is some of the time acknowledged ungrammatical.

The possessive determiners such as my are used as determiners together with nouns, as in my old man, some of his friends. The second possessive forms like mine are used when they do not qualify a noun: as pronouns, as in mine is larger than yours, and as predicates, as in that one is mine.

Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns of English are this (plural these), and that (plural those), as in these were good, I like that. Notice that all four words can also be used as determiners (followed by a noun), as in that cars. They can also then form the alternative pronominal expressions this / that one, these / those ones.

The interrogative pronouns are who, what, and which (all of them can take the suffix-ever for emphasis). The pronoun who refers to a person or people; it has an oblique form whom (though in informal contexts this is usually replaced by who), and a possessive form (pronoun or determiner) whose. The pronoun what refers to things or abstracts. The word which is used to ask about alternatives from what is seen as a closed set: which (of the discs) do you like best? (It can also be an interrogative determiner: which disc?

This can form the alternative pronominal expressions which one and which ones.) Which, who, and what can be either singular or plural, although who and what often take a singular verb regardless of any supposed number.

All the interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns. Details information is 

in below….

Relative pronouns

The main relative pronouns in English are who (with its derived forms whom and whose), which, and that.

The relative pronoun which refers to things rather than persons, as in the sari, which used to be red, is faded. For persons, who is used (the woman who saw me was tall). The oblique case form of who is whom, as in the woman whom I saw was tall, although in informal registers who is commonly used in the place of whom.

The possessive form of who is whose (the girl whose car is missing ....); however the use of whose is not restricted to persons (one can say an idea whose time has over).

The word that as a relative pronoun is normally found only in restrictive relative clauses (unlike which and who, which can be used in both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses). It can refer to either persons or things, and cannot follow a preposition. Such as, one can say the song that (or which) I listened to Friday, but the song to which (not to that) I listened Friday. The relative pronoun that is usually pronounced with a reduced vowel, and hence differently from the demonstrative that. If that is not the subject of the relative clause, it can be omitted (the song I listened to Friday).

The word what can be used to form a free relative clause – one that has no antecedent and that serves as a complete noun phrase in itself, as in Rahim likes what I like. The words whatever and whichever can be used similarly, in the role of either pronouns (whatever I like) or determiners (whatever book I like).When referring to persons, who/whoever and whom/whomever can be used in a similar way (but not as determiners).

“There” as pronoun

The word there is used as a pronoun in some sentences, playing the role of a dummy subject, normally of an intransitive verb. The "logical subject" of the verb then shows up as a supplement after the verb.

This use of there occurs most commonly with forms of the verb be in existential clauses, to refer to the presence or existence of something. Such as There is a football; There are two books on the table; There have been a lot of troubles lately. It can also be used with other verbs: There exist two major variants; There occurred a very strange accident.

The dummy subject takes the number (singular or plural) of the logical subject (complement), hence it takes a plural verb if the complement is plural. In colloquial English, however, the contraction there's is often used where there are would be expected.

The dummy subject can undergo inversion, Is there a exam today? and Never has there been a woman such as this. It can also appear without a corresponding logical subject, in short sentences and question tags: There wasn't an accident, was there? There was.

The word there in such sentences has in some cases been broke down as an adverb, or as a dummy predicate, rather than as a pronoun. However, its distinguishing proof as a pronoun is most reliable with its conduct in modified sentences and inquiry labels as portrayed previously.

Because the word there can also be a deictic adverb, a sentence like There is a pond could have either of two meanings: "a pond exists" (with there as a pronoun), and "a pond is in that place" (with there as an adverb). In speech, the adverbial there would be given stress, while the pronoun might not – actually the pronoun is regularly maintained as a feeble structure.

Other pronouns

Other pronouns in English are often identical in form to determiners (particularly quantifiers), such as many, a little, etc. Sometimes the pronoun form is different, as with none, nothing,

everyone, somebody, etc. Many examples are listed at Indefinite pronoun. Another indefinite pronoun is one(with its reflexive form oneself and possessive one's), which is a more formal elective to bland you.

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